Here are some ground rules and best practices to keep autonomous AI in check.

In spite of surging interest in autonomous AI agents, unchecked agent autonomy is proving to be a major liability across industries.

Seemingly minor errors can cascade into major consequences: algorithmic mishaps in finance can wipe out billions, and missteps in healthcare can directly threaten patient safety.

Too often, enterprises treat governance as an afterthought. They only realize after deployment that it is not the Large Language Models (LLMs) that fail, but the inadequate scaffolding around them that turns autonomy into a major enterprise risk.

Hence, error handling, context management, and audit trails can no longer be treated as peripheral concerns. Real value in agentic systems lies in enforcing control, transparency, and human oversight.

Designing agents that can fail safely
By nature, LLMs behave non-deterministically. The same prompt can yield a different and potentially biased output upon every run.
Integrating non-deterministic processes directly into core business operations creates systemic exposure in areas such as accountability and security.

The path forward involves designing for safe failure:

• Systems must be engineered to restrict agents from acting on ambiguous or unverified outputs, bounding non-deterministic behavior within safe limits.
• Critically, organizations should avoid embedding agents within traditional frameworks unless risks are carefully assessed. Agents introduce variables such as potential escalations and nuanced error states that require handling.
• Organizations should also rethink agent design, particularly when the algorithms produce an undesirable output. In that case, simply retrying will not guarantee a correct or improved result. The second try is just as likely to fail, wasting processing cycles without solving the underlying problem.

The focus should then shift to robust checks built directly into the agent’s logic to validate and correct ambiguous outputs. Rather than giving agents free rein over tasks, bound risk by requiring the agent to act through verified automations or APIs. This ensures the critical execution step is handled by a predictable process, preventing the agent from acting on unverified outputs.

Starting small and scaling smart

Reliable, scalable agentic systems cannot rely on a monolithic “do-everything” agent. A single, overly broad agent is inherently brittle: it requires a vast, general prompt that rapidly degrades accuracy and makes errors impossible to isolate.

Instead, multiple specialized, single-purpose agents can provide tighter control. This allows for controlled scaling, simplifies debugging by isolating failures to single components, and maximizes reuse of specialized expertise across enterprise functions.

Besides good design, organizations need to consider adopting phased deployment of AI agents to manage risk:

• Begin with one or two medium-scale internal processes that pose little risk from financial, cybersecurity, or data privacy standpoints. This initial phase focuses on establishing baseline performance and understanding real-world variability without exposing critical systems. Only after confirming success should teams proceed to gradual integration.
• Controlled escalation allows teams to become familiar with managing inter-agent dependencies, orchestration, and controlled failure across an expanding ecosystem.

The key to controlled autonomy
Achieving the right balance between autonomy and control is an ongoing challenge, as parameters may shift frequently. Organizations must calibrate agency carefully, granting greater autonomy only when agents demonstrate consistent accuracy and reliability.

The necessary course of action is to keep humans in the loop (HITL). Agents must be restricted from high-stakes actions such as approving complex financial transactions without human supervision. Escalations for human review also feed into agent memory, improving performance in future runs. The controlled-agency model ensures workflows remain trustworthy within defined guardrails that preserve security, predictability, and performance.

Execution can be delegated to specialized agents, but governance requires a centralized control plane that provides visibility, auditing, and management of non-deterministic processes. This approach keeps agents reliable, accountable, and integrated as stable components of the digital workforce, with humans firmly in the driver’s seat.

By combining focused, single-purpose agents with deliberate human oversight and centralized governance, organizations can build scalable, dependable agentic systems while maintaining accountability at every step.